Tithi: The Subtle Dimension of Time in Vedic Astrology

In Vedic astrology, the Panchang is not merely a calendar-it is a precise mathematical and astrological document that reflects the cosmic rhythms of the universe. Among the five foundational elements of the Panchang-Tithi, Vaar, Nakshatra, Yoga and Karana-Tithi holds a place of unique importance. It is not just a name for the day but a direct reflection of the angular relationship between the Moon and the Sun, which determines the nature of events and auspiciousness in life.

The Relationship Between Panchang and Tithi

The literal meaning of Panchang is “the timekeeper with five limbs.” Of these, Tithi comes first. Without understanding Tithi, no astrological calculation, muhurta determination or ritual is considered pure. Whether you are a student of astrology or a householder, knowledge of Tithi is essential.

What Is a Tithi?

A Tithi represents the angular distance between the Moon and the Sun. When this distance reaches 12 degrees, a Tithi is considered complete. The 360-degree zodiac is divided into 30 segments, giving 30 Tithis in a lunar month. These are divided into two fortnights:

• Shukla Paksha: New Moon to Full Moon, when the Moon is waxing
• Krishna Paksha: Full Moon to New Moon, when the Moon is waning

How Are Tithis Formed?

The Earth orbits the Sun and and the Moon orbits the Earth. The angles formed between the Sun and Moon due to these movements create the Tithis.

• When the Sun and Moon are exactly aligned (0°), it is Amavasya (New Moon)-the Moon is not visible
• When they are 180° apart, it is Purnima (Full Moon)-the Moon is fully visible
• Each 12-degree increment between these points is a separate Tithi

Table of Planetary Rulers for Each Tithi

Each Tithi is presided over by a specific deity or planetary ruler, influencing the nature and outcomes of activities performed on that day. These associations are especially important for Tithi purification, fasts, yajnas, marriages and and other rituals.

Notes:

• The Moon’s influence is at its peak on Purnima.
• Amavasya represents ancestors and tamasic energies, which is why rituals for ancestors are performed on this day.

Duration and Calculation of a Tithi

The length of a Tithi depends on the Moon’s speed and can range from about 19 to 24 hours. The beginning and end of a Tithi are determined by astronomical positions, not sunrise. However, in Vedic tradition, the Tithi prevailing at sunrise is considered the Tithi for that day.

If a Tithi begins after sunrise and ends before the next sunrise, it is considered “tyajya” (discarded) and its results are not accepted.

Uses and Importance of Tithi

• Tithi is the foremost factor in choosing auspicious moments.
• The selection of Tithi is essential for fasts, festivals, yajnas, marriages, housewarmings and and other rituals.
• The Moon governs the mind, so Tithis influence mental states and emotional tendencies.

Difference Between Lunar Months and Solar Years

Twelve lunar months make up a lunar year of about 354 days, while a solar year is about 365¼ days. The 11-day difference is balanced by adding an extra month (Adhik Maas or Purushottam Maas) every 2.5 to 3 years.

The Sensitive Pulse of Vedic Time

A Tithi is not just an astronomical concept, but a sensitive unit of the Vedic time cycle. Understanding its calculation, significance and and application is essential for every astrologer, priest and and seeker. Mastery of this key element of the Panchang is a decisive step toward truly understanding the heart of Vedic astrology.